Getting into the Client’s Frame of Reference (starts at 4.54 mins)

Are there any questions or skills we can use to help get into the client’s frame of reference faster?

Ken’s view is that questions are not especially useful unless used to clarify our understanding of what the client is bringing. Skills that are particularly valuable in entering the client’s frame of reference are:

• Attending: Rory describes how listening attentively and non-judgementally often helps clients to resolve their own issues. So many people in daily life instead provide advice or dismissal: it is really refreshing and novel for a client to experience counselling-type listening.
• Silence: although this can be uncomfortable for new therapists, it is a very valuable (yet often underrated) skill in allowing clients the space to process their feelings, and in avoiding reverting to our own frame of reference.
• Empathy: as this core condition (which is not so much a skill as a personal quality or way of being) is all about trying to see the client’s world as they do (putting ourselves in their shoes, though remembering to ‘keep our socks on’), this is key to getting into the client’s frame of reference.
• Reflection: although this may seem a very simple skill, reflecting back what the client is bringing provides the ideal opportunity for them to confirm or refute our understanding.

Rory and Ken provide the following tips:

• Remember that it takes practice – and reflection on your own development – to learn how to get into and stay in your client’s frame of reference.
• Make the most of supervision and dialogue with other therapists to help you develop your ability.
• Use your personal-development group at college to practise really listening to your peers, getting into their frames of reference.
• Read biographies as a way of ‘listening’ to another person describe their world; while doing so, reflect on your own feelings and reactions to the material.

Existential Counselling (starts at 16.17 mins)

Existential therapists believe that the world and human life have no meaning unless we as humans give one – that is, it is up to us to find the meaning in our own lives. Thus, this modality aims to help us draw meaning from our own experiences, and to make sense of a world that can feel random, unpredictable, cruel and unfair.

The modality links to other forms of therapy, particularly the person-centred approach, as Carl Rogers read a lot of work by the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, who is considered the grandfather of existential philosophy.

Key contributors to existential therapy are:

• Viktor Frankl, an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist who wrote Man’s Search for Meaning, about his experiences in a concentration camp, noticing that those who were motivated by a meaning to life survived longer than those who lacked purpose. Frankl developed logotherapy.
• Rollo May, a US psychologist, wrote about the struggle between security and dependence, and between the delights and pains of growth (in other words, our need to move away from fixed positions to less comfortable ones in order to be able to grow).
• James Bugental, a US psychotherapist who saw counselling as a journey into the client’s subjective world; this has clear parallels with the person-centred approach.
• Irvin Yalom, a US psychiatrist who has written a number of popular books on psychotherapy, e.g. Love’s Executioner and Staring at the Sun.

Does the Seventh Stage of Process Exist? (starts at 23.23 mins)

Ken and Rory discuss whether the seventh stage of process really exists – that is, whether there are people who have reached this. Attaining this level of development does seem a really difficult task.

It should be remembered that Rogers’ theory of the seven stages of process was based on ‘interviews’ (as he termed sessions) with clients. As most people finish counselling once they are at level 5, it would have been unusual for him to encounter clients at level 6 or 7.

Some examples of people at stage 7 might be Mahatma Gandhi and Nelson Mandela. Perhaps someone who really was at the seventh stage of process wouldn’t claim they were, instead saying: ‘I have much to learn’!